Demonetization and cashless economy are often put together, with the former used to mean a general reduction in physical legal tender. The original concept of demonetization, however, entails the eradication of particular denominations, usually the larger denominations, with an aim of curbing crime and fraud among other reasons.

Reasons for Demonetization

1. Curbing crime – high denomination legal tender is known to be a delight for criminal merchants such as drug dealers and perpetrators of corruption, as it eases the storage of this money in its physical form, evading the need to deposit these monies at the bank, a move that would jeopardize criminal transactions.
2. Mitigating hyper-inflation – the aim may be to generally reduce the money in a country’s circulation. Higher currencies, therefore, are the most impactful to cut a currency and thus the demonetization policy will begin by limiting high legal tender.
3. Introduction of a new currency – demonetization may also be used not just to reduce the presence of a particular currency but also to totally replace it with a new currency. This happened across the entire of Europe in 2002, when the European Union was implementing the introduction of the Euro as the currency standard for member countries and ultimately the entire continent. 

Demonetization eventually breeds a cashless society through the following ways:

How Demonetization Leads to a Cashless Economy

• The only way to possess high denominations would be through electronic methods. People will then resolve to having electronic cash and digital wallets to deal with this change.
• Small denominations become cumbersome to carry around. The government may cut the supply of high denominations, but this does not in any way increase the value of the currency in question. Cashless methods like plastic money and digital currency become the ultimate solution to cumbersome denominations.
• To have assurances for security, people will reduce physical currency in possession and store the currency in banks, carrying them around in a non-physical form. Demonetization is a dread for consumers holding old currency. They will therefore opt to just transfer physical cash into banks and digital wallets and spare themselves the mayhem associated with currency replacement.

Demonetization has its own pros and cons, not only to businesses but the entire economy of consumers. Let’s look at them below.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Demonetization and a Cashless System

Advantages

1. Reduced money handling – physical money is cumbersome, and people will find it inconveniencing to carry loads of cash around, while they could just deposit it and much more in their card or digital wallet. During the COVID-19 pandemic, demonetisation was a critical initiative of preventing the spreading of CoronaVirus. Demonetization is not only secure but highly hygienic and infection-safe.
2. Highly secure – physical money attracts all forms of insecurity: robbery, fraud, and unknowingly losing the money. Banks and issuers of electronic money have developed stringent measures for monetary security, such as configuration of digital wallets with biometric security.
3. A delight for tax and surveillance agencies – the point of introducing digital money has always been to enhance transparency. The cashless system has been a hallmark to traceability of transactions by relevant authorities. This factor has sparked a debate on the level of surveillance accorded by banks and digital wallets to government and financial authorities. Through digital tracing, financial systems have been able to automatically levy tax and other fees directly from digital wallets and electronic transactions.
4. Cashlessness facilitates unlimited transactions – cashless transactions have defied all geographical boundaries, unlike physical cash. Swift transactions have been made possible between far apart points across the world. Someone in Kuwait can now order and pay for Nike Merchandise in the United States, far away from the Middle East. Cashlessness has unequivocally been referred to as the future of money, due to the monumental role it has played in globalisation efforts..

Disadvantages

1. Cyber Insecurities – cyber crimes have been the nightmare of electronic banking and digital transactions. Through sinister attempts on one’s cyber security, fraudsters may catastrophically syphon a person’s lifetime savings in a heartbeat.  This is done through hacking, email phishing, and infringement of one’s data privacy.
2. A chaotic transition – demonetization may be a favourable fiscal policy with a bright future for the globe. However, the annihilation of a denomination or the replacement of one currency entirely would spur a frenzy throughout banking halls. Not everyone would be privy to such a process taking place, and many will be left out with illegal tenders. 
3. Too much surveillance – rogue institutions may invade so much the privacy of consumers, infringing basic rights to a private transaction. Moreover, surveillance is not every consumer’s cup of tea, and some users will be exposed to taxes, fees, and fines that they would have otherwise dodged in an otherwise physical monetary system.

Demonetization, Cashless Transactions, Impact on SMEs

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) may not be the carrier of any economy, but their impact on the greater population is cast in stone. WorldBank puts it that SMEs comprise 90% of businesses worldwide, 40% of global GDP, and employ up to 50% of the labour force globally. This has been made possible by the remoteness of these businesses, covering all areas from the cities to rural zones. 

1. SME traders may lag in technological advancements associated with cashless transactions.

Traders in the city may always jump into new technologies immediately they prop up, but others in remote places may suffer from huge technological gaps. As a result, they may not be able to transact with everyone else in the purchase of supplies, sale of goods, and any other transactions.

2. SMEs are subjected to unnecessary surveillance.

Government laws and regulation, though legally significant, may curtail the development of Small and Medium-Sized enterprises. Punitive taxations, license fees, and non-compliant fines may threaten the establishment of enterprises which constitute the backbone of the global economy.

3. Digital transactions are expensive, and so is receiving them.

Digital wallets reap from imposing transaction fees during every transaction. This would not be the same if the transaction was physical, as cash-to-cash transactions are free. These charges are unnecessary and non value-adding to business ventures.

4. Demonetization is a hectic and costly process for SMEs.

Demonetization reduces the amount of money in circulation, and trade volumes would sharply plummet, due to the reduced supply of money.

On the brighter side, demonetization boosts trade, as long as merchants in the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises comprehend the know-how of plastic money, digital wallets, and cashless transactions. Globalization, a child of the cashless economy, has opened unlimited pathways for SMEs. Trade is now taking place across thousands of miles between different parts of the world. In the end, just like with other technologies, there usually is no going back. As an SME trader, therefore, you can only reform and adopt the new technologies, or be subdued and lag behind forever.

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Balance of Trade has been widely used as a variable when calculating the economic status of a country. However, this variable is still contentious due to the unclear comparisons of the implications of the different balance of trade forms.

Definition

Balance of trade is easily defined as the status of a country’s trade value with other countries. It is defined as the comparison between a country’s exports and imports. When the country’s exports are more than its imports, that BOT is considered positive. Negative BOT is when the country’s imports are more than its exports. As per this variable, a country that has a positive balance of trade is considered economically sound, while a negative balance of trade implies a struggling economy. Balance of trade is also called net exports, meaning exports minus imports.

Balance of Trade Formula

Balance of trade is calculated by subtracting a country’s total imports from its exports as shown in the formula below:

Balance of Trade (Net Exports) = Total Exports – Total Imports

Balance of Trade (BOT) Vs Balance of Payments (BOP)

Balance of Trade is one of the variables under the greater Balance of Payments umbrella. BOP measures the net payments a country makes in other countries in the three forms: Current, Capital, and Financial Accounts.

• Current Account encompasses now the balance of trade, that is the cash inflows from goods exported versus the cash outflows for the goods imported. 
• Capital Account includes all the asset inflows balanced with the outflows as a result of the possession, sale, and transfer of assets in and out of the country. Fixed assets such as land, mines, and buildings are literally not transferable from one country to another. However, the ownership to these assets may change severally, and these transfers are what’s used to calculate BOP’s capital account. This means that a country with more ownership of assets overseas has a positive capital account and hence favorable balance of payment. Capital account does not include financial assets as they are the basis of the financial balance of payment account.
• Financial Account is the balancing of the transfer of financial assets in and out of the country. Financial assets, unlike fixed assets, are transferrable in the literal form, transfers which make up BOP financial account. The financial account includes all forms of financial assets and government securities transferred from one country to another.

Balance of payment is a major element of a country’s Gross Domestic Product mainly due to its composite form.

Types of Balance of Trade

There are three forms of BOT as per the above formula. A country can either have a positive BOT, negative one, or the exports equals imports. Therefore, the three types of balance of trade are Favorable, Unfavorable, and Equilibrium BOT.

1. Favorable Balance of Trade

A favorable balance of trade is the goal of every economy. Favorable BOT can generally imply that a country’s exports are higher than imports, and thus there is more money coming in than going out. In more detailed macroeconomic terms, favorable BOT may have the following implications:

Implications of Favorable BOT

• The country has a trade surplus, as it’s exporting more and importing less
• More foreign cash flows into the country
• The country is saving more than it is spending
• High productivity in the country
• Less consumption in the country
• The country’s government is spending more
• The country has less investments in foreign countries

Favorable balance of trade may also be as a result of low-productivity in the country, as raw materials exported to other countries are also counted as exports. Favorable balance of trade has impacts across many aspects of the economy, such as employment, productivity, economic growth, foreign exchange rates, and the country’s budget size. The impacts, interestingly, are both positive and negative.

Impacts of Favorable BOT

• Increased employment, as the country is producing more goods and services for export. 
• High inflation, as the country has more money supply from cash inflows.
• High commodity prices. Exports have an unfavorable implication on consumers, in that there is less price competition in the country and more demand for goods produced.
• A stronger currency. Exchange rates fluctuate according to currency demands. More exports create demand for the country’s currency, as importers will have to use the currency to pay for the goods sold.
• A bigger budget. To sustain the demand for its currencies and high productivity, the country may make more government spending.
• A greater GDP due to high productivity experienced in the country, and positive foreign exchange.

The other type of balance of trade is unfavorable BOT, which is the exact opposite of favorable BOT in all its good and bad dimensions.

2. Unfavorable BOT

Every country works to avoid this economic status, even though some power houses like the US and Hong Kong have hugely unfavorable balance of trade. From the BOT formula, unfavorable balance of trade is negative net exports, meaning the country is importing more and exporting less. 

Implications of Unfavorable BOT

• The country has a trade deficit, as the amounts of imports is more than exports
• More consumption
• The country is producing less
• More investments made in foreign countries by the country
• Less foreign investments into the country
• The country is spending more and saving/investing less

These implications turn out to be negative, but that is not the case with the effects of a negative balance of trade. BOT is multi-dimensional and should be interpreted in all these dimensions.

Impacts of Unfavorable BOT

• The country lurks in high unemployment conditions as production is low within
• The country’s currency is set to depreciate in value due to reduced demand
• Commodity prices will drop due to the price competition rendered by high amounts of goods imported in to the country
• Higher living standards in the country due to high spending on the goods imported.
• Lower inflation rates will be experienced over time, as the country will be flowing more cash in the outside compared to the money pumped in by foreign trade.
• A tighter budget, as the country will want to spend less in order to appreciate the country’s currency.

When the pendulum settles in neither the favorable nor unfavorable balance of trade, it means there is a balance of trade.

3. Equilibrium Balance of Trade

This is the ideal situation for international trade. In as much as economies seek to increase net exchange, equilibrium balance of trade is what’s sought by international trading arrangements; to import as much as you export, and build each other in the trading arrangement. The implications of equilibrium BOT are a balance of foreign exchange, and the impacts are neither positive nor negative.

Balance of Trade sells good in politics, but as we see, it has its pros and cons. A country’s populi may rejoice in high trade surpluses, not knowing its implications on consumer prices and the living standards.

The bottom line: Balance of Trade is not a stand-alone measurement of economic health, and relies on other variables in the Balance of Payments umbrella.

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Of the many stories told in US history, the 2008 financial crisis is one notable event that a big population of the country will resonate with. The story is told of an economy that rendered itself too big to fail, thanks to the preceding years of economic bloom. In financial terms, the 2008 crisis is an intriguing case that everyone has their own version despite the overwhelming research conducted on the crisis.

However, some aspects of the crisis are as clear as the day, such as the existence of a housing bubble, and the ramifications caused by overconfidence on this bubble. There is also a unanimous admission of a lax regulatory system, whose trend in the posterior years was hell-bent towards deregulation of financial institutions. SEC reduced the net-capital ratio, the Fed consistently weakened the federal fund rate, paving way for a lending hemorrhage. 

Financial regulators aside, the US public economy by itself knowingly marched towards the guillotine, enjoying on its way the goodies fetched from feel-good deals like the subprime mortgages and the resultant Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS). Before we go any further, how about some background on these advancements?

Build-up to 2008 Financial Crisis

We might not have a specific date to the beginning of the financial crisis loom. We, however, mark some events that can be attributed to the fall of the US economy.

1. Deregulation

The US Federal Reserve’s role in the 2008 crisis was monumental. As the ultimate oversight body, the Fed carried the blame on taking some financial deregulation measures, and remaining unhinged when lenders and banks went berserk on an unsecured lending spree. 

In the beginning of the 21^st century, the Federal Reserve scantily anticipated a financial recession, and quickly averted the situation by cutting the fund rate, explained as the interest rates charged on bank-to-bank transactions. Over the period of 2001-2004, the Fed cut the rate four-fold, from 6.5 to a low of 1.75 percent. 

Banks snatched the opportunity to lend themselves, but now the lending was greatly incentivized. The public took these loans owing to their cheapness, amassing important assets such as houses. It is believed that this is how the housing bubble came to happen.

2.  Subprime Lending

At a reduced cost of loan and an increased liquidity at their disposal, lenders became less rigid to customers, giving loans to underly qualified borrowers, otherwise known as subprime customers. Lending decisions were made more easier upon the advent of the housing bubble. 

Due to the sudden surge in the demand for houses, banks could now issue mortgage loans on the security of the profitability of these mortgage houses. Mortgage lending became a rich plunder for banks, in that at the prevailing house demand borrowers could refinance the mortgages or in case of a default, banks could resell the houses at a good profit margin. 

3. Securitization

Subprime mortgages gave birth to another baby; increased and diversified securitization. Subprime mortgages seemed to be profitable, and other sectors were now sanctioned by the SEC to dig into the fray and diversify their portfolios in the housing bloom. Investment banks advanced to a bigger role in finance, becoming securities firms and insurers at the same time.

These banks came to be deemed as “too big to fail”, in that their collapse would disrupt the entire financial market. One of them was the infamous Lehman Brothers, whose collapse marked the height of the financial crisis. AIG, a grandiose insurance firm, also took part in the murky mortgage securitization, offering a diverse portfolio of security for mortgage loans. These included Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS), and Credit-Default Swaps (CDS).

• Mortgage-Backed Security (MBS) is a financial instrument that bundles up several mortgages into one asset, breaking them down into financial instrument units before trading them as market securities. These securities became popular in that era as they were supported by the rising demand of houses, and the profit margins that come by. Banks were the manufacturers of MBSs, and they sure did benefit from it. The MBS market was so big, owing to the promising trajectory of the housing bloom. Mortgages sold through MBSs fetched banks a lot of money that increased their liquidity and so their profits. Banks reinvested these slack funds back into the mortgage industry in droves, further entrusting their survival on a profitable yet risky asset. To solve this, the market introduced yet another instrument; Credit-Default Swaps.
• Credit-Default Swaps were a further securitization of mortgages, whereby investment banks, hedge funds, and banks bought these swaps for insurance against customer default on mortgages. Mind you, banks had now transferred the burden of default to the firms by selling them the Mortgage-Backed Securities.

The Collapse

The housing bubble was now ready to burst. Inflation was now at its highest, and the Federal Reserve came in to salvage the situation by increasing interest rates. This move had direct implications to every end of the chain. Loans at higher interest rates meant mortgages now became uncharted waters. House owners who anticipated profits were set aback by the surging interest rates.

Borrowers defaulted in droves. Banks that had invested heavily on MBSs had to throw in the towel. They immediately filed bankruptcy as their over-valued mortgage assets could not offset their obligations. Insurance firms were the worst hit, as the Credit-Default Swaps were triggered by the massive defaults. Firms like Lehman Brothers and AIG were overwhelmed and had to call it a day. 

Impact and Economic Resurge after the Crisis

The financial crisis of 2008 was not just a US affair. As a world leader, any impact on the USA economy would be felt in almost every corner of the globe. Same case happened with the Global Recession of the1930’s. The crisis experienced in the US spread its wings to the global expanse.

The US, though, felt the worst brunt of the crisis. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) plummeted in a matter of months, going to a record low of -2 GDP in 2008. This steep disrupted every pillar of the economy. A record 10 million people lost their jobs in the US alone during this time, just showing how the “too big to fail” institutions’ failures were catastrophic.

And what did the government do? In as much as there was a lot of politicization of the crisis, the same government that had paved for the crisis was the ultimate savior. The Federal Reserve executed massive bailouts, nationalizing many banks and institutions, so as just to shield its people from losing their money in the crisis.

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Nursing programs are purposed to offer ready-to-apply experiences in critical care. It was for this reason that simulation was introduced in clinical education some 111 years ago. Simulation in clinical studies is the creation of almost real scenarios that facilitate the application of acquired skills in real life. That said, nursing simulations not only take the form of human bodies, body parts, or alike figures. A lot can be achieved in behavioral, standardized patients, and role-playing simulations too. 

Even while the main goal is hands-on experience, simulation-based learning (SBL) is focused on specific objectives, such as training specialized care for nurses who have specified specialties like maternity, equipping critical care skills and resource management during emergency care, team building among students and healthcare staff, and for assessment purposes.

Pre-briefing Before Simulation

Simulation is a learning experience, and has to be prepared for just like any other study session. Pre-briefing is a concept mapping session whereby the trainer interacts with the students and gives information as to the kind of simulation that will be unfolded, the purpose of that simulation, learning objectives, instructions to the simulation exercise, and what is required of the students. Pre-briefing serves the following objectives:

• Attending to the psychological safety of learners. Research has shown that creating a safe environment from the beginning of the simulation exercises reduces the learner’s insecurity with risk-taking and commission of mistakes, and averts any defensive behaviors upon such mistakes. Research has also shown that simulations make students very apprehensive and may breed anxiety that is unsafe for the experience. Pre-briefing should avail a safe space to address these and other psychological insecurities.
• The International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning (INACSL) details standards for quality simulation exercises, and provide that pre-briefing sessions should provide learners with information on the method of evaluation, location of equipment, roles played by each participant, communication practices, the timing, and limitations off the simulation experiences.
• Pre-briefing facilitates the communication of the session’s learning objectives. Simulation as a learning technique should be guided by objectives that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound. Examples of learning objectives could be practicing patient-centered healthcare, successful maternal deliveries, and fostering safety during resuscitations.

Types of Simulations in Nursing 

There are many forms simulations can take, while more are being invented each day during these sessions. However, all forms of simulations are grouped into either low, medium, or high fidelity. Fidelity is an important concept in simulations, with the word itself meaning the level of reality achieved by a simulation exercise. High-fidelity simulations employ the most sophisticated technologies to portray a humanly reaction from learners’ stimuli, while the lowest level of fidelity simulations may take the form of theoretical case studies.

1. Case Study Simulation

Learners are provided with information on a real case scenario. A set of tasks are derived from these scenarios and the learners’ responses are evaluated. Case studies are low-fidelity simulations and only provide learners with theoretical knowledge with no physical experiences. This model, however, is significantly popular among nursing schools as it is less-costly, safe to the learner, and absolutely not exhaustive.

2. Role Play Simulation

Students are provided with real case scenarios, and required to act out in response of those scenarios. The objectives of role play are to equip learners with clinical judgement to offer care solutions in different scenarios. Role play is also used to foster teamwork at the work place, as well as providing patient-centered care. During role play simulations, learners can be provided with challenges like language barrier, patient paranoia, as well as leadership gaps. Role play are the best fit for interpersonal interactions between colleagues and dealing with issues such as work place bullying can be learnt.

3. Standardized Patients

These are professional actors invited to act-out patient roles for real scenarios for the purpose of learning. Standardized patients (SP’s) are specialists, and are rigorously trained to serve the learning objectives of simulations involving them. Standardized patients, otherwise called simulated patients, are required to deliver real patient performances. They should look sickly when required to, have paranoia concerns, and present other clinical challenges. In SP simulations, nurses are required to conduct life-like interviews, check vitals, and conduct lab tests as would be in a real situation. SPs offer the most human-like performances during simulations, eliminating the risks that would be posed during interactions with real patients.

4. Mannequins

High-fidelity mannequins are the height of simulation technology. They employ high-tech features that simulate real-patient scenarios, and result in reactions to any stimuli administered, as would be with a real-life patient. High-fidelity mannequins absorb the risks that would be in a real scenario, as the mannequins deteriorate in health, and even die when exposed to required conditions. High-fidelity mannequins are computerized, and may be controlled even as the simulation exercise is on. Low-fidelity mannequins, on the other hand, include static models and partial tasks. Static models are commonly used to train resuscitations and other non-invasive procedures, while partial tasks are body parts that are used to demonstrate functions like IV pump mechanisms, and making injections.

5. Virtual Reality Simulation

A very new technology, virtual reality in its latest versions provide life-like simulations that are not only thrilling to experience, but are also very indulging. Virtual reality use computer modeling to present a life-like sensory environment, controlled by the learner’s movements of a part or the whole body. The sensory environment is not only visual but also audio and touch. This technology is still gaining momentum in healthcare education, but will have many modifications in due course. 

Some other simulations include E-learning, where electronic models are displayed on monitors, phones, and tablets to demonstrate particular scenarios. 

Debriefing After Simulation

At this stage, learners and the trainer gather to discuss the outcomes of the simulation exercise. Debriefing is an opportunity for learners to express their psychological status as a result of the simulation exercise. The session also allows the trainer to give remarks on the performances of each learner, share the success of the simulation’s objectives, and make recommendations to the conduct of learners in the future. That way, the SBL learning process is successfully complete.

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Arguably in health facilities more than elsewhere, teamwork is inevitable. Between the time a patient walks into a hospital and when they leave, a team of professionals are involved, be it receptionists, nurses, imaging technicians, laboratory officers, physicians, or even surgeons. An important role is played by the non-essential staff, those that make sure the facility’s infrastructure runs seamlessly. Teamwork is the backbone of every health facility. The harmony in which these teammates work is so beautiful to watch. 

The kind of team in which multiple specialists are involved, like the one listed above, is referred to as a multi-disciplinary team. A uni-disciplinary team is now the one engaging specialists of similar or close to similar skills, like a host of nurses doing rounds in a ward.

This article will elaborate the various forms hospice teams can take, as well as how to optimize the potential of those teams.

Why Teams and Teamwork Matter in a Health Facility.

For it to be called a health facility it becomes a team first. The many employees of the facility from the janitor all the way to the C-suite are equally important, making a team that is very impactful. A team is the collection of the hospital staff, while teamwork is the active participation of each of the staff and in willingful coordination with other members of the team.

A team is important in completing the most basic of tasks. Teamwork, on the other hand, makes the most complex of operations successful. 

1. Teamwork ensures meticulousness in the face of intense speed requirements. 

Time is always limited in feats like an emergency case, a resuscitation, or in the operating room. When every team member plays their part exhaustively, the big task is decimated to small chunks that are brief to complete. 

2. A team is a puzzle, and everyone benefits from the many appendages held together by organized teamwork. 

A surgeon who by his side stands a sterilizer, anaesthesia administrator, dresser, and assistant will do better than if the team was absent.

3. Teamwork mends and boosts relationships. 

We all can tell of the significance good relationships serve the workplace. Colleagues work with passion, are ready to support each other, and admire the success of the entire ship holding everyone. Teamwork builds this comradeship and strengthens the vision of the facility.

4. Uni-disciplinary teamwork gets the big job done. 

A group of nurses doing rounds will collaborate and make sure each patient is attended to by at least one caregiver. Again, the work will be completed very fast, and the patients will be attended to their full satisfaction. This as every nurse will be readily available to answer any questions, and notice anything that should be noticed.

5. Teamwork is an exchange platform

Learning is a continuous process, and experience is always as they say the best teacher. There is more to be experienced in the future of a practitioner than what’s already experienced. Some new experiences will require the assistance of sometimes more than one experienced professional. The sharing of information does not just help with the situation but boosts the experiences of everyone in the team. It’s a platform to learn from others and use the knowledge in the limitless future.

6. Specialization and creativity

A team brings together differential skill sets, which allow a team member to practice what they do best. After regular repetition of the same task, individuals will develop better the feasibility of the task, in addition to increasing the team member’s work rate. Also, teamwork allows teammates ample time to complete their work chunks, allowing them enough time to get creative and make realizations that may better the facility, or better yet, change the course of the entire industry.

Building Teamwork in Health Care

Every success story begins with a plan, and in this case, a successfully built team has to stem from a “teaming strategy”. Importantly, efforts in building a prosperous team are bi-sourced from the leadership in collaboration with the staff. The strategy in this case comes from the leadership with the active participation of the other staff. Now let’s build a “teaming strategy”;

We will use the IMO strategy, which stands for Inputs, Mediators, and Outputs. 

Inputs

These are the team members’ attributes, competencies, and diversity factors; the team’s leadership, training, technology, and the team structure; and the organization’s culture.

A team brings together not only people of different skills, but also unique personalities. Even so, all them have to match up for a common vision, and to do that there has to be a set of acceptable attributes and standards of professionalism. Technology is a significant impersonal part of a good team. Communication and cooperation thrive when there is seamless technology to facilitate it. The organization provides (i) the culture and (ii) resources. Some basic characteristics of a good organizational culture are cohesiveness, leadership support, and democratic work spaces.

Mediators

These are the middle-in between the team infrastructure and its goals. Mediators are the team processes, objectives, and emergent states. Under team processes we have action process which comprise of communication, team learning, performance monitoring, team leadership; interpersonal processes which consist of conflict management, trust, mental models; and transition processes. Team objectives are as the name suggests, and they should be in sync personally across the team members. 

Outputs

Now these are the achievements as a result of a well-built team, and the relevant processes. A good team is measured by its outputs at the personal and organizational level. In a healthcare facility, the preferred output is proper disease management, satisfactory clientele which means professional but emotive handling of patients, more precision in the quality of healthcare characterized by less errors, and an improved work efficiency showed by a higher work rate and less costs in completing tasks. Finally, the staff itself should be beyond the satisfaction level when it comes to their work experience at the facility.

The IMO strategy has potential to construct a complete team, as long as the strategy is finished in its fullness. Healthcare teams are not just built by pre-briefing before work begins, and similar meetings on a regular basis. Healthcare needs strategic teams whose aspects are well rooted throughout the staff and in the organizational culture.

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